Up, charm and top quarks have a charge of + 2 ⁄ 3, while down, strange and bottom quarks have a charge of - 1 ⁄ 3. The flavours are up (u), down (d), strange (s), charm (c), top (t), and bottom (b). Neutrons and protons are made up of quarks, which are held together by gluons. It was once thought that all three of those were fundamental particles, which cannot be broken up into anything smaller, but after the invention of the particle accelerator, it was discovered that electrons are fundamental particles, but neutrons and protons are not. Atoms are made of protons, neutrons and electrons. Each of the first three columns forms a generation of matter.A quark is an elementary particle which makes up hadrons, the most stable of which are protons and neutrons.
Six of the particles in the Standard Model are quarks (shown in purple).
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